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<html>
<head>
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<title>Symmetry of Atomic States </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<h2 align="center">Symmetry of Atomic States</h2>
<p align="left">Atomic States have symbols such as <sup>(2S+1)</sup>L<sub>Ms</sub>.
Thus a vanadium atom, 3d<sup>3</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> would give rise to the
states: <sup>4</sup>P, <sup>4</sup>D, <sup>4</sup>F, <sup>4</sup>G, <sup>4</sup>H,
<sup>6</sup>S, and <sup>6</sup>D. Some of these States occur more than
once, for example the <sup>4</sup>P State occurs four times. All components of a
single State that have the same spin, S, and angular momentum, L, are
degenerate. Following Griffith, "The Theory of Transition Metal Ions", the L
orbital angular momenta values are represented in MOPAC by the letters S, P, D,
F, G, H, I, K, L, M corresponding to the angular momenta L = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Note that symbol "J" is missing, this is because it is
used extensively in other aspects of atomic theory.
</p>
<p align="left">All atomic States that can exist for a <i>s-p-d</i> basis set
with any allowed number of electrons are automatically identified. By specifying
the component of spin, using Ms=n.n, individual magnetic components within a
manifold such as <sup>6</sup>S can be identified. </p>
<p align="left">
Atomic
theory is both beautiful and complicated. Simple spin-spin and orbit-orbit
coupling, i.e., Russell-Saunders or L-S coupling, can be modeled, but
relativistic coupling (j - j coupling) cannot be modeled, due the the absence of
the spin-orbit interaction terms. Despite the lack of spin-orbit
interactions, a lot of elegant symmetry work can still be done. One of the
most beautiful sections of atomic symmetry theory involves the coupling of two space
angular momenta Coupling coefficients involve the Wigner or
Clebsch-Gordan 3j symbol <L<sub>1</sub>L<sub>2</sub>m<sub>1</sub>m<sub>2</sub>|L<sub>1</sub>L<sub>2</sub>Lm>
which equals:</p>
<p align="center">
<font size="4">{(L+m)!(L-m)!(L<sub>1</sub>-m<sub>1</sub>)!(L<sub>2</sub>-m<sub>2</sub>)!(L<sub>1</sub>+L<sub>2</sub>-L)!(2L+1)/((L<sub>1</sub>+m<sub>1</sub>)!(L<sub>2</sub>+m<sub>2</sub>)!(L<sub>1</sub>-L<sub>2</sub>+L)!(L<sub>2</sub>-L<sub>1</sub>+L)!(L<sub>1</sub>+L<sub>2</sub>+L+1)!)}</font><sup><font size="4">0.5<br/>
</font></sup><font size="4">×<span class="b">Δ</span>(m,m<sub>1</sub>+m<sub>2</sub>)<span class="b">Σ</span><sub>r</sub>(-1)<sup>(L</sup></font><sup><font size="2">1</font><font size="4">+r-m</font><font size="2">1</font><font size="4">)</font></sup><font size="4">{((L<sub>1</sub>+m1+r)!(L<sub>2</sub>+L-r-m<sub>1</sub>)!)/(r!(L-m-r)!(L<sub>1</sub>-m<sub>1</sub>-r)!(L<sub>2</sub>-L+m<sub>1</sub>+r)!)}</font></p>
<p align="left">
with 0! = 1. All aspects of this can be modeled. For users of MOPAC
who are brave enough to explore this topic, two tools are provided:</p>
<p align="left">A <a href="CG_coefficients.html">set of Wigner coefficients</a>
otherwise known as the Clebsch-Gordan or Wigner 3j coefficients for all values of <i>l</i><sub>1</sub>
and <i>l</i><sub>2</sub> up to 6. This is a large file, over 1Mb.
Each coefficient is expressed four ways:</p>
<p align="left">(A) As a decimal.<br/>
(B) As a rational fraction.<br/>
(C) As a rational fraction with a common denominator<br/>
(D) As a rational fraction expressed as powers of prime numbers, thus the
coefficient for the most complicated term, <6,4,5,-3|6,5,9,1>, is
(367^2)/(2^2.3.5.7.11.13.17)<br/>
</p>
<p align="left">A FORTRAN 90 <a href="FORTRAN_CG.html">source code</a> to generate these coefficients.</p>
<p align="left">An illustrative exercise in atomic theory is to use the shift
<a href="meci_spin_ang_mom.html">step-down operators</a>, I-, to move through the associated Hilbert spin-space, e.g., to
go from 6S with Ms = 5/2 to Ms = -5/2, then show that the State is annihilated
on application of the step-down operator once more. Moving through the
orbital angular momentum space is tedious, and definitely not worth doing.</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
</body>
</html>