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‎docs/en/documents/4.2.0/Ch1.html‎

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<!DOCTYPE html><html>
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<head>
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<title>1 Preface‣ Part I Overview ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="ltx_page_main">
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<header class="ltx_page_header"><div class="ltx_document_title">SML# Document Version 4.2.0</div>
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<div>
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<a href="Pt1.html" title="Part I Overview ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="up"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">I </span>Overview</span></a><a href="Pt1.html" title="Part I Overview ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="prev"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">I </span>Overview</span></a><a href="Ch2.html" title="Chapter 2 About This Document ‣ Part I Overview ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="next"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">2 </span>About This Document</span></a>
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</div></header>
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<div class="ltx_page_content">
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<section class="ltx_chapter ltx_authors_1line">
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<h1 class="ltx_title ltx_title_chapter">
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<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_chapter">Chapter 1 </span>Preface</h1>
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<div id="p1" class="ltx_para">
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<p class="ltx_p">This is the official document of a functional programming
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language SML#.
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This document intends to provide comprehensive information on
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SML#, including:
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tutorials on SML# programming,
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reference manuals of the SML# language and the basis library,
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and,
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detailed descriptions of the internals and data structures of the
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SML# system.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="p2" class="ltx_para">
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<p class="ltx_p">Send comments and questions to the authors.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div id="p3" class="ltx_para ltx_align_right">
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<p class="ltx_p">June, 2017</p>
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<p class="ltx_p">Atsushi Ohori    Katsuhiro Ueno</p>
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<p class="ltx_p">The SML# development team</p>
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</div>
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</section>
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</div>
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<a href="Pt1.html" title="Part I Overview ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="prev"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">I </span>Overview</span></a><a href="Ch2.html" title="Chapter 2 About This Document ‣ Part I Overview ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="next"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">2 </span>About This Document</span></a>
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‎docs/en/documents/4.2.0/Ch10.S1.html‎

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<link rel="chapter" href="Ch7.html" title="Chapter 7 Introduction to ML programming ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="chapter" href="Ch11.html" title="Chapter 11 SML# feature: Multithread programming ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="chapter" href="Ch12.html" title="Chapter 12 SML# feature: seamless SQL integration ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="chapter" href="Ch13.html" title="Chapter 13 SML# feature: dynamic types and typed manipulation of JSON ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="chapter" href="Ch14.html" title="Chapter 14 SML# feature: separate compilation ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="part" href="Pt1.html" title="Part I Overview ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="part" href="Pt2.html" title="Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="part" href="Pt3.html" title="Part III Reference manual ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="part" href="Pt4.html" title="Part IV Programming Tools ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="part" href="Pt5.html" title="Part V SML# Internals and Data Structures ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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<link rel="part" href="Pt6.html" title="Part VI Bibliography and other documents ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0">
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="ltx_page_main">
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<header class="ltx_page_header"><div class="ltx_document_title">SML# Document Version 4.2.0</div>
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<div>
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<a href="Ch10.html" title="Chapter 10 SML# feature: direct interface to C ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="up"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">10 </span>
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SML# feature: direct interface to C</span></a><a href="Ch10.html" title="Chapter 10 SML# feature: direct interface to C ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="prev"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">10 </span>
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SML# feature: direct interface to C</span></a><a href="Ch10.S2.html" title="10.2 Declaring types of C functions ‣ Chapter 10 SML# feature: direct interface to C ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="next"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">10.2 </span>Declaring types of C functions</span></a>
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</div></header>
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<div class="ltx_page_content">
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<section class="ltx_section ltx_authors_1line">
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<h1 class="ltx_title ltx_title_section">
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<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_section">10.1 </span>Declaring and using C functions</h1>
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<div id="p1" class="ltx_para">
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<p class="ltx_p">In order to use C function, you only have to declare it in
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SML# in the following syntax.</p>
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<blockquote class="ltx_quote">
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<p class="ltx_p"><span class="ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter">val <math id="p1.m1" class="ltx_Math" alttext="\mathit{id}" display="inline"><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></math> = _import "<math id="p1.m2" class="ltx_Math" alttext="\mathit{symbol}" display="inline"><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></math>" : <math id="p1.m3" class="ltx_Math" alttext="\mathit{type}" display="inline"><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math>
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</span></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="ltx_p"><math id="p1.m4" class="ltx_Math" alttext="\mathit{symbol}" display="inline"><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></math> is the name of the C function.
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<math id="p1.m5" class="ltx_Math" alttext="\mathit{type}" display="inline"><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math> is its type.
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Next section explain how to write the type of a C function.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="p2" class="ltx_para">
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<p class="ltx_p">This declaration instructs SML# compiler to link the
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named function and bind the SML# variable <math id="p2.m1" class="ltx_Math" alttext="\mathit{id}" display="inline"><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></math> to
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that function.
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A target function linked by this declaration can be any code
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as far as it is in a standard calling convention of the OS in which
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SML# runs.
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The linking to the function is performed at linking time.
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So, to produce an executable file of SML# program containing
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this <span class="ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter">_import</span> declaration, it is required to specify either
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a library or an object file to the command line of SML# command to
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link it with the SML# program.
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Some of standard C libraries (including libc and libm in Unix
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family OS) are linked by default.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="p3" class="ltx_para">
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<p class="ltx_p">This declaration can appear whenever <span class="ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter">val</span> declaration is
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allied.
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After this declaration, variable <math id="p3.m1" class="ltx_Math" alttext="\mathit{id}" display="inline"><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></math> can be used as an ordinary
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variable defined in SML#.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="p4" class="ltx_para">
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<p class="ltx_p">As an example, consider the standard C library function.
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</p>
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<blockquote class="ltx_quote">
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<p class="ltx_p"><span class="ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter">int puts(char *);</span></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="ltx_p">This function takes a string, appends a newline code and outputs
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it to the standard output, and returns the number of characters actually
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printed.
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If printing fails, then it returns the integer representing
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<span class="ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter">EOF</span> (which is <math id="p4.m1" class="ltx_Math" alttext="-1" display="inline"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math> in Linux).
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This function can be used by writing the following declarations.</p>
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<blockquote class="ltx_quote">
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<p class="ltx_p"><span class="ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter">val puts = _import "puts" : string -&gt; int</span></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="ltx_p">As seen in this example, C function can bound and used just by
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writing <span class="ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter">_import</span> keyword followed by the name and the type of the
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desired function.
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The following is interactive session using <span class="ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter">puts</span>.</p>
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<blockquote class="ltx_quote">
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<p class="ltx_p"><span class="ltx_text ltx_font_typewriter"># val puts = _import "puts" : string -&gt; int;
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<br class="ltx_break">
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val puts = _ : string -&gt; int
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<br class="ltx_break">
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# puts "My first call to a C library";
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<br class="ltx_break">
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My first call to a C library
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<br class="ltx_break">
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val it = 29 : int
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<br class="ltx_break">
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# map puts ["I","became","fully","operational","in","April","6th","2012."];
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<br class="ltx_break">
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I
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<br class="ltx_break">
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became
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<br class="ltx_break">
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fully
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<br class="ltx_break">
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operational
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<br class="ltx_break">
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in
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<br class="ltx_break">
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April
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<br class="ltx_break">
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2nd
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<br class="ltx_break">
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2012.
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<br class="ltx_break">
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val it = [2, 7, 6, 12, 3, 6, 4, 5] : int list</span></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="ltx_p">The imported C functions can be freely used according to the
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ML’s programming principle – “expressions are freely
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composed as far as they are type consistent”.
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</p>
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</div>
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</section>
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</div>
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<footer class="ltx_page_footer">
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<a href="Ch10.html" title="Chapter 10 SML# feature: direct interface to C ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="prev"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">10 </span>
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SML# feature: direct interface to C</span></a><a href="Ch10.S2.html" title="10.2 Declaring types of C functions ‣ Chapter 10 SML# feature: direct interface to C ‣ Part II Tutorials ‣ SML# Document Version 4.2.0" class="ltx_ref" rel="next"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">10.2 </span>Declaring types of C functions</span></a>
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