Add support for disabling exceptions and improve CI #449

Job	Run time
cpp (ubuntu, asan_ubsan, with_exceptions, clang)	9m 45s
cpp (windows, no_sanitizers, no_exceptions, msvc)	5m 24s
cpp (ubuntu, asan_ubsan, with_exceptions, gcc)	19m 44s
cpp (ubuntu, no_sanitizers, with_exceptions, clang)	3m 23s
cpp (ubuntu, no_sanitizers, no_exceptions, gcc)	3m 7s
cpp (ubuntu, asan_ubsan, no_exceptions, clang)	10m 2s
cpp (macos, no_sanitizers, with_exceptions, clang)	3m 40s
cpp (windows, no_sanitizers, with_exceptions, msvc)	5m 21s
cpp (macos, no_sanitizers, no_exceptions, clang)	3m 23s
python (windows, 3.9)	2m 51s
cpp (ubuntu, no_sanitizers, with_exceptions, gcc)	3m 7s
python (ubuntu, 3.11)	1m 24s
python (macos, 3.12)	1m 26s
python (macos, 3.9)	1m 50s
cpp (ubuntu, asan_ubsan, no_exceptions, gcc)	20m 47s
python (windows, 3.11)	2m 52s
python (windows, 3.10)	2m 37s
cpp (ubuntu, no_sanitizers, no_exceptions, clang)	3m 16s
python (ubuntu, 3.12)	1m 22s
python (macos, 3.10)	2m 13s
python (ubuntu, 3.10)	1m 23s
python (ubuntu, 3.9)	1m 23s
python (ubuntu, 3.13.2)	1m 36s
python (macos, 3.13.2)	1m 57s
python (macos, 3.11)	1m 32s
python (windows, 3.13.2)	4m 7s
python (windows, 3.12)	3m 5s
	2h 2m 37s

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